The Australian Coat Of Arms
Lady beetles are wolves in sheep's clothing
COLLINGWOOD: The tremendous diversity of ladybird beetle species has been revealed by researchers reconstructing their evolutionary history.
Researchers from the CSIRO in Australia found that the ladybirds' first major evolutionary shift was from feeding on hard-bodied, or 'armoured', scale insects to soft-bodied scale insects.
Their diversity has been linked to their ability to produce larvae which, with impunity, poach members of 'herds' of tiny, soft-bodied scale insects from under the noses of the aggressive ants that tend them.
"Soft-bodied scales are easier to eat, but present a whole new challenge," said Ainsley Seago, a researcher with the CSIRO's Australian National Insect Collection.
"These soft-bodied sap-feeding insects are tended by ants, which guard the defenceless scales and collect a 'reward' of sugary honeydew. The ant tenders aggressively defend their scale insect 'livestock' and are always ready to attack any predator that threatens their herd."
Woolly coat of wax
Therein lay the evolutionary problem confronting ladybird beetles (family Coccinellidae), whose larvae were highly vulnerable to ant attack.
To avoid being killed as they poach the ant's scales, ladybird larvae evolved to produce two anti-ant defences: an impregnable woolly coat of wax filaments, and glands which produce defensive chemicals.
Most of the ladybird family's 6,000 species are found in lineages with one or both of these defences.
How beetle diversity arises
"We found that most of ladybird species' richness is concentrated in groups with these special larval defences," Seago said.
"These groups are more successful than any other lineage of ladybird beetle. Furthermore, these defences have been 'lost' in the few species that have abandoned soft-scale poaching in favour of eating pollen or plant leaves.
He added, "This is an unusual way for diversity to arise in an insect group. In most previous research, insect species richness has been linked to co-evolution or adaptive 'arms races' with plants."
This research helps to place Australia's ladybirds in the evolutionary tree of life for insects, and helps us to understand the complex system of mechanisms by which beetle diversity has arisen.
The Australian Coat Of Arms - News
To avoid being killed as they poach the ant's scales, ladybird larvae evolved to produce two anti-ant defences: an impregnable woolly coat of wax filaments, and glands which produce defensive chemicals. Most of the ladybird family's 6000 species are
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jacaranda: Quilts4London
Whilst making it I thought of my dear Dad who passed away last year. He told me when I was a child why the Kangaroo and the Emu were the symbols on our Australian Coat of Arms. Both of these animals have spurs on the back of their feet and cannot hop or walk backwards. He said "therefore Australia will always move forward". It is something I have always remembered.
RT : Emus and kangaroos cannot walk backwards, and are on the Australian coat of arms for that reason. 
Emus and kangaroos cannot walk backwards, and are on the Australian coat of arms for that reason. 
Emus and kangaroos cannot walk backwards, and are on the Australian coat of arms for that reason 
(1308870306) 101. Emus and kangaroos cannot walk backwards, and are on the Australian coat of arms for that reason.
RT : I think we should put the echidna on the Australian coat of arms. Because we're a bunch of defensive pricks.The Australian Coat Of Arms - Bookshelf
Australian history - primary
Answers Pages 59 - 61 Teacher check Further exploration • View the Australian Coat of Arms and identify the kangaroo and emu. • View pictures of your own ...The Centennial supplement to the Sydney Morning Herald, together with reports of the principal events in connection with the celebration of the centenary of Australian settlement
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210 Colour a Coat Age Range: 7-10 year olds Materials: Plenty of photocopies of the Australian Coat of Arms (1 per child)) and plenty of colouring pencils. ...Day-to-day Guide Directory
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